盘江黄牛及其杂交牛育肥中干物质、粗蛋白、综合净能需要研究

将３６ 头盘江黄牛及其杂交牛分成１２ 组，采用不同的日粮，进行两期育肥试验，得到不同的增重水平和实际营养物质摄入量。用各组实际采食的干物质（ ＤＭ） 、粗蛋白（ＣＰ） 、综合净能（ＮＥｍｆ） 与我国试行的《肉牛饲养标准》进行比较。结果表明，除干物质与标准相差较多（ － ６ ．３ ％ ） 外，粗蛋白和综合净能与标准相当接近（ 仅相差－ １ ．５ ％ 和２ ．８ ％ ） ，说明盘江黄牛及其杂交牛在育肥中的营养需要基本与标准相符，在配制日粮时，可以参考我国的《肉牛饲养标准》。     

Recruitment of burbot (Lota lota L.) in Lake Erie: an empirical modelling approach

Stapanian MA, Witzel LD, Cook A. Recruitment of burbot (Lota lota L.) in Lake Erie: an empirical modelling approach.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 326–337. Published 2010. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA Abstract – World‐wide, many burbot Lota lota (L.) populations have been extirpated or are otherwise in need of conservation measures. By contrast, burbot made a dramatic recovery in Lake Erie during 1993–2001 but declined during 2002–2007, due in part to a sharp decrease in recruitment. We used Akaike’s Information Criterion to evaluate 129 linear regression models that included all combinations of one to seven ecological indices as predictors of burbot recruitment. Two models were substantially supported by the data: (i) the number of days in which water temperatures were within optimal ranges for burbot spawning and development combined with biomass of yearling and older (YAO) yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchill); and (ii) biomass of YAO yellow perch. Warmer winter water temperatures and increases in yellow perch biomass were associated with decreases in burbot recruitment. Continued warm winter water temperatures could result in declines in burbot recruitment, particularly in the southern part of the species’ range.     

Induced ovulation of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) using a combination of a gonadotrop‐releasing hormone analogue and domperidone

The effects of an intraperitoneal hormone injection of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist (D‐Ala⁶, Pro⁹‐NEt GnRHa) alone or in combination with a dopamine antagonist, domperidone (DOM), on ovulation induction in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco were tested. The hormone treatments were as follows: 6 mg kg⁻¹ body weight (BW) of carp pituitary extract as a positive control, GnRHa 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg kg⁻¹ BW and a combination of GnRHa and DOM as follows: 10 μg+5 mg, 20 μg+10 mg, 40 μg+20 mg and 80 μg+40 mg kg⁻¹ BW. Physiological saline (0.7% NaCl) was used as a negative control. Significant differences in the ovulation ratio, latency period and ovulation index (OI) were observed among treatments (P<0.05). The combination of GnRHa and DOM at doses of 40 μg+20 mg kg⁻¹ BW had higher values of the ovulation ratio and OI, and a shorter latency period compared with other treatments. The highest OI in GnRHa treatments was only 56.67%, suggesting a dopaminergic tone on gonadotropin secretion in this fish at the pre‐ovulatory stage. Therefore, ovulation can be successfully induced in yellow catfish with 40 μg kg⁻¹ GnRHa+20 mg kg⁻¹ DOM without affecting the egg quality.     

黄河三角洲台田间渗水池塘的水质变动规律分析

以黄河三角洲地区台田间渗水池塘为研究对象,分析了渗水池塘的水质因子变动规律。结果表明:不同池塘间水质因子差异较大,但均表现出水体盐度较高、氮磷等营养物质含量较低、K+离子含量相对较低、Ca2+离子和Na+离子含量相对较高及K+/Na+显著低于正常海水等特点。结果说明,黄河三角洲地区台田间渗水池塘的水质条件不适合直接进行水产养殖,应对水质调整后才可做养殖之用。     

长株潭地区5种母质发育水稻土锌和铜及镍元素剖面分布特征

以长株潭地区5种母质发育的水稻土,即河沙泥、红黄泥、黄泥田、麻沙泥和紫泥田为研究对象,按土壤系统分类原则挖掘典型剖面24个及剖面土样137个,分析测定了土壤全量和有效态铜、锌、镍含量以及土壤pH值、颗粒分级组成、有机质、游离氧化铁含量,研究水稻土铜、锌、镍元素的剖面分布特征以及与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:剖面各层土壤全铜、全锌含量平均值随剖面加深逐渐降低,耕作层、犁底层、底土层全铜含量分别为26.82、21.54、18.54 mg/kg,全锌含量分别为75.84、66.00、63.19 mg/kg,全镍含量分别为18.40、17.50、18.23 mg/kg;土壤铜、锌、镍有效态含量平均值随剖面加深均逐渐降低,耕作层、犁底层、底土层有效铜含量分别为4.04、2.99、1.29 mg/kg,有效锌含量分别为4.77、2.76、1.14 mg/kg,有效镍含量分别为0.54、0.44、0.23mg/kg;黄泥田的全量和有效态铜、锌、镍含量均较高,麻沙泥的较低;土壤有机质含量是决定土壤有效态铜、锌、镍含量的主要因子,土壤游离氧化铁含量是决定土壤全铜、全镍含量的主要因子,全锌含量与土壤pH值、颗粒分级组成、有机质、游离氧化铁含量均无显著相关性。总体上,长株潭地区水稻土0～25 cm土体以及部分剖面土壤全层有效态铜和锌含量高于临界值(铜1.5 mg/kg、锌0.5 mg/kg),呈盈余状态,可满足浅根或中根作物对铜、锌的需求。     

生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季氨挥发的影响

为探讨生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季氨挥发的影响,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究生化抑制剂组合[N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、N-丙基硫代磷酰三胺(NPPT)和2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶(CP)]与施肥模式(一次性和分次施肥)互作对黄泥田稻季氨(NH3)挥发动态变化的影响。结果表明:黄泥田稻季NH3挥发损失主要集中于施肥后1周,峰值发生在第1~3 d。生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季NH3挥发损失量的效应显著。尿素分次施用处理稻季NH3挥发净损失率较一次性施用处理显著降低24.6%。不同施肥模式下,硝化抑制剂CP处理显著提高田面水NH+4-N峰值和NH3挥发速率峰值,增加稻田NH3挥发损失量;脲酶抑制剂NBPT/NPPT或配施CP处理明显延缓尿素水解,降低NH3挥发速率峰值,减少稻田NH3挥发损失量。新型脲酶抑制剂NPPT单独施用及与CP配施的稻田NH3挥发动态变化与NBPT相似。相关性分析表明,稻田NH3挥发速率与田面水NH+4-N浓度和pH值呈显著正相关,而与气温、土温和土壤相对湿度无显著相关性。总之,生化抑制剂组合与适宜的运筹相结合更能有效减少黄泥田稻季NH3挥发损失。     

基于线粒体标记的淮南麻黄鸡遗传结构及其遗传多样性分析

通过探究淮南麻黄鸡的遗传多样性和遗传结构,为淮南麻黄鸡的种质资源保护和开发利用提供遗传背景资料。对淮南麻黄鸡线粒体基因组(mitochondrial genome,mt DNA)控制区全序列进行测序,并结合红色原鸡的序列进行生物信息学分析。淮南麻黄鸡mt DNA控制区全长1 231~1 232 bp,共发现26处单核苷酸变异位点,核苷酸多样性(Pi)为0.006 6,单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.917,平均核苷酸差异(K)为7.573。群体共包含14种单倍型,可以分为A、B、C和E 4个分支分别包括3、3、7和1种单倍型。淮南麻黄鸡在线粒体水平上有较高的多态性,并且来自多个不同的母系,有很好的开发潜力。     

Autochthonous probiotic as growth promoter and immunomodulator for Astyanax bimaculatus cultured in water recirculation system

This work aimed to evaluate the probiotic Lactobacillus spp. in the microbiota of Astyanax bimaculatus reared in a water recirculation system. The experiment was randomized, using 800 postlarvae distributed into eight polyethylene containers, separated into two treatments, in quadruplicate: supplementation with Lactobacillus spp. (Probiotic) and no supplementation (Control). After 90 days of culture, 13 fish per container were anaesthetized. Three of these underwent microbiological evaluation, and haematological analyses were carried out on five. Immunological assessment was performed on another five fish. Zootechnical parameters were evaluated for all animals. In the microbiological evaluation, the probiotic group presented higher counts of lactic acid bacteria, but lower counts of Vibrio spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Staphylococcus spp., when compared with control. After haematological analysis, the supplemented group presented low haematimetric indices of Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCHC and MCH, respectively) and higher amounts of total leucocytes, thrombocytes and circulating monocytes when compared with control. The immunological profile did not differ between treatments. In the zootechnical performance, probiotic group presented higher productivity, survival and apparent food efficiency when compared with control. Therefore, when Lactobacillus spp. was supplemented in the diet of A. bimaculatus, immunocompetence and the zootechnical performance of animals increased.     

Effects of photoperiod,light intensity,turbidity and prey density on feed incidence and survival in first feeding yellow tang (Zebrasoma flavescens)(Bennett)

Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett) aquaculture is limited by high mortality during first feeding. Photoperiod, light intensity, turbidity and prey density are culture parameters that have been shown to affect feed incidence and survival in some food fish species, offering a logical starting point to improve first feeding in Z. flavescens. This study aimed to determine the effect of photoperiod, light intensity, turbidity and prey density on feed incidence and survival in larval yellow tang age 3 DPH to 5 DPH (days post hatch). Larvae were reared in four photoperiods (24L:0D, 16L:8D, 12L:12D, 0L:24D), four light intensities (1,500, 3,000, 4,500 and 6,500 lx), three turbidity ranges (0 cells/ml, 100,000–200,000 cells/ml and 400,000–600,000 cells/ml) and four prey densities (1, 3, 6 and 9 per mL). Photoperiod at 16L:8D and 12L:12D significantly increased feed incidence; 16L:8D significantly increased survival. Light intensities at 3,000 and 4,500 lx significantly increased feed incidence. Larvae reared in 400,000–600,000 cells/ml fed and survived significantly better than those in clear water. Larvae in 1 per mL fed and survived significantly less than those fed at 6 per mL.     

Low root‐to‐root transmission of a tobamovirus,yellow tailflower mild mottle virus,and resilience of its virions

Tobamoviruses are serious pathogens because they have extremely stable virions, they are transmitted by contact, and they often induce severe disease in crops. Knowledge of the routes of transmission and resilience of tobamovirus virions is essential in understanding the epidemiology of this group of viruses. Here, an isolate of the tobamovirus yellow tailflower mild mottle virus (YTMMV) was used to examine root‐to‐root transmission in soil and in a hydroponic growth environment. Root‐to‐root transmission occurred rarely, and when it occurred plants did not exhibit systemic movement of the virus from the roots to the shoots over a 30‐day period. The resilience of YTMMV virions was tested in dried leaf tissue over time periods from one hour to one year under temperatures ranging from ?80 to 160 °C. Infectivity was maintained for at least a year when incubated at ?80 or 22 °C, or at fluctuating ambient temperatures of 0.8 to 44.4 °C, but incubation under dry conditions at 160 °C for >4 days eliminated infectivity. Exposure of virions to 0.1 m sodium hydroxide or 20% w/v skimmed milk solution for 30 min, treatments recommended for tobamovirus inactivation, did not abolish infectivity of YTMMV.